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To counteract movement to one side, attach the tie-down so it pulls the cargo toward the opposite side of the vehicle.
To counteract upward movement, attach tie-downs to opposing sides of the cargo so they pull the cargo down.
Tie-downs that pass over the cargo work by increasing the effective weight of the cargo (make the cargo seem heavier). This increases the pressure of the cargo on the deck and keeps the cargo from shifting.
Tension these tie-downs to as high an initial tension as possible
The steeper the tie-down angle, the less shifting (ideally more than 45).
When there is low friction between the cargo and the deck (for example, with snow, ice, sand, gravel, and oil):
The Working Load Limit is the maximum load that may be applied to a component of a cargo securement system during normal service.
The WLL is usually assigned by the component manufacturer.
The WLL for a tie-down is the lowest WLL of any of its parts or the WLL of the anchor points it is attached to, whichever is less. Every device contributes to the WLL of the securement system.
For a synthetic webbing tie-down, the WLL is the working load limit of the tie-down assembly or the anchor point it is attached to, whichever is less.
Note: The minimum WLL requirement for the securement system is 50%. More tie-down capacity should be used if you need to secure an article against any movement.
The WLL of all components used to block cargo from forward movement must be 50% (or more) of the weight of the article being blocked.
Some manufacturers mark their manufactured securing devices with a numeric WLL value. The WLL for these devices is equal to the numeric value assigned by the manufacturer.
Other manufacturers mark components using a code or symbol that is defined in a recognized standard. For example:
A piece of grade 7 chain may be marked with a 70 or 700, in accordance with the standard of the National Association of Chain Manufacturers. The standard then gives the WLL for that piece of chain, depending on its size.
Any securing device that is not marked by the manufacturer is considered to have a WLL as specified in Appendix A: Default WLLs for Unmarked Tie-downs.
Carriers are recommended to purchase and use components that are rated and marked by their manufacturer. In that way, the carrier, driver, shipper and inspector can all verify that the proper equipment is being used for the job.
Note: Friction mats, which are not marked by the manufacturer, are assumed to provide resistance to horizontal movement equal to 50% of the cargo weight that is resting on the mat.
A device placed on the exposed edge of an article to distribute tiedown forces over a larger area of cargo than the tie-down itself, to protect the tie-down and/or cargo from damage, and to allow the tie-down to slide freely when being tensioned.
A reusable, transportable enclosure that is especially designed with integral locking devices that secure it to a container chassis trailer to facilitate the efficient and bulk shipping and transfer of goods by, or between various modes of transport, such as highway, rail, sea, and air.
A female housing fixed to the side or ends of a vehicle to receive a stake or peg, and may also be used as an anchor point.
What is the presumed resistance to horizontal movement of friction mats?
Note: Friction mats, which are not marked by the manufacturer, are assumed to provide a resistance to horizontal movement equal to 50% of the cargo weight that is resting on the mat.
Which of the following is not true of Working Load Limit (WLL)?
The Working Load Limit is the maximum load that may be applied to a component of a cargo securement system during normal service.
The WLL is usually assigned by the component manufacturer.
Note: The minimum WLL requirement for the securement system is 50%. More tiedown capacity should be used if you need to secure an article against any movement.
A female housing fixed to the side or ends of a vehicle to receive a stake or peg, and may also be used as an anchor point is a:
A female housing fixed to the side or ends of a vehicle to receive a stake or peg, and may also be used as an anchor point.
What is the maximum weight that can be secured by a tiedown with a marked WLL of 5,000 lbs?
Note: The minimum WLL requirement for the securement system is 50%. More tiedown capacity should be used if you need to secure an article against any movement.
When a tiedown is attached directly to the cargo, what is the ideal angle where it attached to the vehicle?
The angle where the tiedown attaches to the vehicle should be shallow, not deep (ideally less than 45).
An intermodal container is:
A reusable, transportable enclosure that is especially designed with integral locking devices that secure it to a container chassis trailer to facilitate the efficient and bulk shipping and transfer of goods by, or between various modes of transport, such as highway, rail, sea, and air.
What is the minimum Working Load Limit for the entire securement system?
Note: The minimum WLL requirement for the securement system is 50%. More tiedown capacity should be used if you need to secure an article against any movement.
In case of low friction between the cargo and deck, which of these is not a solution?
When there is low friction between the cargo and the deck (for example, with snow, ice, sand, gravel, and oil):
The term 'edge protector' refers to:
A device placed on the exposed edge of an article to distribute tiedown forces over a larger area of cargo than the tiedown itself, to protect the tie-down and/or cargo from damage, and to allow the tiedown to slide freely when being tensioned.
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